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>>> import ast
>>> x = '[ "A","B","C" , " D"]'
>>> x = ast.literal_eval(x)
>>> x
['A', 'B', 'C', ' D']
>>> x = [n.strip() for n in x]
>>> x
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

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# check if two list equal
sorted(a) == sorted(b)

: is the delimiter of the slice syntax to 'slice out' sub-parts in sequences , [start:end]

[1:5] is equivalent to "from 1 to 5" (5 not included)
[1:] is equivalent to "1 to end"
[:20] from start to 20

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# Python 合并两个列表
# 法一：
# Python合并两个列表, 相加是拼接
list1=[1,2,3]
list2=[4,5,6,7]
list3=list1+list2
print('list3',list3)#输出[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]

# 注意：Python合并两个NumPy数组，相加时候是对应相加
import numpy as  np
arr1=np.array([1,2,3])
arr2=np.array([4,5,6])
arr3=arr1+arr2
print(arr3)#输出[5 7 9]
#那么NumPy数组怎么拼接呢，使用concatenate
arr4=np.concatenate((arr1,arr2),axis=0)
print('arr4',arr4)

# 法二：
l3=[]
l1=[1,2,3]
l2=[4,5,6]
l3.append(l1)
l3.append(l2)
print('l3',l3)#输出[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]],注意这里是二维列表,不是我们想要的结果

# 如何才能达到我们要的结果，使用 extend
l1.extend(l2)
print('l1',l1)#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

# 总结：
# Python合并两个列表，可用两个列表相加存入新列表，或者使用extend在原列表修改

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txt = "I like bananas"

x = txt.replace("bananas", "apples")

print(x)

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str_0 = str_0.replace(r"\\\\n", r"\n")

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txt = "For only {price:.2f} dollars!"
print(txt.format(price = 49))

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>>>a=" gho stwwl "
>>>a.lstrip()
'gho stwwl '
>>>a.rstrip()
' gho stwwl'
>>>a.strip()
'gho stwwl'

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foo = {'k0': 'v0', 'k1': 'v1'}
print('k0' in foo)
print('k0' in foo.keys())
print('k2' in foo)

True
True
False

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# 空的花括号代表空的 dict
empty_dict = {}
print(empty_dict)

scores = {'语文': 89, '数学': 92, '英语': 93}
# 打印所有的 key
print(scores.keys())
print(scores)

# 使用元组作为 dict 的 key
dict2 = {(20, 30):'good', 30:'bad'}
print(dict2)

# 生成一个字典
d = {'name':Tom, 'age':10, 'Tel':110}


del test_dict['Zhihu']

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for key, value in dict_0.items():
    print(f"key: {key}, value: {value}")
 
>>> for key in a.keys():
print(key+':'+a[key])

a:1
b:2
c:3

for kv in dict0.items():
    print(kv)

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dict_1 = {"a": 1, "b":2, "c":3}
if "a" in dict_1:
    print("Exists")
else:
    print("Does not exist")

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car = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}

car.clear()

print(car)

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foo=set()
foo=set(1)
foo=set([1,2,3])
foo={1,2,3}

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set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}

set1.update(set2)
print(set1)
# {1, 'b', 'c', 2, 3, 'a'}

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x = set([1,2,3])
y = set([3,4,5])  

print(x & y)
# {3}

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print(x | y)
# {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

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print(x - y)
# {1, 2}

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print(x ^ y)
# {1, 2, 4, 5}

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1. < 运算符。
表示 左边是否是右边的子集。

> 运算符。
同理，表示右边是否是左边的子集。

<=和>=同理，只是加入了是否两个集合相等的判断。

myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

>>> l = set()
>>> l.add(1)
>>> l.add(2)
l.remove(1)

', '.join(set_3)

>>> x = set('spam')  
>>> y = set(['h','a','m'])  
>>> x, y
(set(['a', 'p', 's', 'm']), set(['a', 'h', 'm']))    

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class Class0:
    pass
    
# Student 继承 object 类
class Student(object):
    pass

bart = Student()

class Student1(object):
    # __init__ 相当于构造函数
    def __init__(self, name, score):
        self.name = name
        # public 可见 外部可以访问 无 _
        self.score = score
        # protect 不可见 外部可以访问 _(单下划线)
        self._foo = "value0"
        # private 不可见 不可访问 __ (双下划线)
        self.__bar = "value1"

    def print_score(self):
        print('%s: %s' % (self.name, self.score))

    # 类的方法
    # 类内部访问数据的函数
    def get_grade(self):
        if self.score >= 90:
            return 'A'
        elif self.score >= 60:
            return 'B'
        else:
            return 'C'
    
    # 私有函数
    def __foo(self):
        pass

student = Student1()
# object to dict
vars(student)

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op = hasattr(a,'getValue')

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# install pip
pacman -S python-pip

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apt install python3-pip

# pip 默认安装路径是 ~.local/bin, 把它加到环境变量里
vim .zshrc
export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$PATH"

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# install specific version
yay -S python36

# 打印包版本
pip list

pip show django

# -r, --requirement <file>    Install from the given requirements file. This option can be used multiple times.
pip install -r requirements.txt

sudo pip install --proxy http://<usr_name>:<password>@<proxyserver_name>:<port#> <pkg_name> 

pip freeze #查看当前安装库版本
# 创建 requirements.txt 文件，其中包含了当前环境中所有包及各自的版本的简单列表
# 按 requirements.txt 安装依赖
pip install -r requirements.txt
# [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]
pip install --trusted-host pypi.org --trusted-host pypi.python.org --trusted-host files.pythonhosted.org <package_name>
pip freeze > requirements.txt
pip uninstall kafka
lsvirtualenv        #列举所有的环境
cdvirtualenv        #导航到当前激活的虚拟环境的目录中，相当于 pushd 目录
cdsitepackages      #和上面的类似，直接进入到 site-packages 目录
lssitepackages      #显示 site-packages 目录中的内容

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yay -S python36

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sudo apt update

sudo apt-get install -y make build-essential libssl-dev zlib1g-dev \
libbz2-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev wget curl llvm libncurses5-dev \
libncursesw5-dev xz-utils tk-dev libffi-dev liblzma-dev \
libgdbm-dev libnss3-dev libedit-dev libc6-dev

wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.15/Python-3.6.15.tgz

tar -xzf Python-3.6.15.tgz

cd Python-3.6.15
./configure --enable-optimizations  -with-lto  --with-pydebug
make -j 8  # adjust for number of your CPU cores
sudo make altinstall
python3.6 -V

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apt install python3

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pip install pipdeptree
pipdeptree -p apscheduler

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python -V
python --version

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pacman -S python

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# 安装 python 11, 默认路径  C:\Users\user_0\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python311
winget install Python.Python.3.11
# --location 目前不好用 winget 版本 v1.4.11071,  --verbose  在安装 python 的时候并没有输出更多日志
winget install Python.Python.3.11 --location "C:\workspace\apps\python11" --verbose
winget install -e -i --id=Python.Python.3.11
winget uninstall Python.Python.3.11

winget install Python.Python.3.6

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# !/usr/bin/python
  
import os,sys
  
dir = '/home/wiloon/tmp'
  
list = os.listdir(dir)
  
print list

for line in list:

path = os.path.join(dir, line)

print path

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import os
import sys
// 打开文件，只读
f = open("/root/tmp/ip.txt", "r")
// 读取文件
lines = f.readlines()
// 字符串长度
print(len(lines))
// for 循环
for line in lines:
# 去空格
    line = line.strip()
    command = "ansible '" + line + "' -m shell -a 'systemctl start filebeat'"
    print(command)
    // 等待用户 输入
    value = input("press any key to continue:")
    // 判断字符串相等
    if value == "q":
    // 退出
        sys.exit(0)
        // 执行 shwll 命令
    os.system(command)

1

import sys

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# import module_name
# import 搜索路径 sys.path, 运行文件所在的目录

# 打印 sys.path
import sys; print(sys.path)

# Python 会在 sys.path 和运行文件目录这两个地方寻找包，然后导入包中名为module_name的模块。
# from package_name import module_name

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s1 = '  shark  '
print(f"string: '{s1}'")

s1_remove_leading = s1.lstrip()
print(f"remove leading: '{s1_remove_leading}'")

s1_remove_trailing = s1.rstrip()
print(f"remove trailing: '{s1_remove_trailing}'")

s1_remove_both = s1.strip()
print(f"remove both: '{s1_remove_both}'")

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class FooException(Exception):
    pass

def func1():
    # 相当于 java 的  throw new Exception
    raise Exception("--func1 exception--")


def main():
    try:
        func1()
    except Exception as e:
        print e


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

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# 判断当时是否在虚拟环境里
which python

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# 创建指定版本的运行环境
/usr/bin/python3.6 -m venv apps/venv-36
# 激活环境 - linux
source apps/venv-36/bin/activate
# 激活环境 - win
env0/script/activate.bat
# 退出环境
deactivate

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# 安装
# on macOS / Linux
pip install --user virtualenvwrapper

# win
pip install virtualenvwrapper-win

echo "source virtualenvwrapper.sh" >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

# 创建虚拟环境
# on macOS/Linux:
mkvirtualenv --python=python3.6 env0

workon #列出虚拟环境列表
workon [venv] #切换环境

# 退出环境
deactivate
# 删除环境
rmvirtualenv venv

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cat > /usr/lib64/libldap_r.so << EOF
INPUT ( libldap.so )
EOF

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sudo pacman -S libxcrypt-compat

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python -m pip install Django
python -m django --version
django-admin startproject project0

# 每一次的访问请求重新载入一遍 Python 代码
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8888
python manage.py runserver 0:8000
python manage.py startapp polls

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x = isinstance(5, int)
isinstance(whatever, bool)
isinstance(value, str)

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logger.info(f"type of xxx: {type(foo)}")

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class C(object):
    @staticmethod
    def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
        pass

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>>> def bar(param1, **param2):
        print param1
        print param2
>>> bar(1,a=2,b=3)

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if contion:
    exp1
else
    exp2

exp1 if contion else exp2
key0 = value0 if exp0 else value1

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def functionname( parameters ):
   "函数_文档字符串"
   function_suite
   return [expression]

# 定义数据返回值类型
def greeting(name: str) -> str:
  return 'Hello, {}'.format(name)

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def printme( str ):
   "打印传入的字符串到标准显示设备上"
   print str
   return

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pip install kafka-python

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# kafkax.py
def send_to_kafka(msg):
    print("send msg to kafka")
    return

# kafkatest.py
import unittest

from kafkax import send_to_kafka


class TestKafka(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_send(self):
        send_to_kafka("foo")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

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>>> u = "www.doiido.com.cn"
 
#使用默认分隔符
>>> print u.split()
['www.doiido.com.cn']
 
#以"."为分隔符
>>> print u.split('.')
['www', 'doiido', 'com', 'cn']

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b = b"Hello, world!"  # bytes object  
s = "Hello, world!"   # str object 

print('str --> bytes')
print(bytes(s, encoding="utf8"))    
print(str.encode(s))   # 默认 encoding="utf-8"
print(s.encode())      # 默认 encoding="utf-8"

print('\nbytes --> str')
print(str(b, encoding="utf-8"))

# bytes > string
print(bytes.decode(b))  # 默认 encoding="utf-8"
print(b.decode())       # 默认 encoding="utf-8"

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from threading import Lock

class FooMeta(type):
    _instances = {}
    _lock: Lock = Lock()

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        with cls._lock:
            if cls not in cls._instances:
                instance = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
                cls._instances[cls] = instance
        return cls._instances[cls]


class Class0(metaclass=FooMeta):
    foo = None

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        print('init')
    def get(self, key, sub_key):
        print('func 0')

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from datetime import datetime

# time_in_utc variable will be the utc time 
time_in_utc = datetime.utcnow()

# If you want to make it more fancier:
formatted_time_in_utc = time_in_utc.strftime("%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S")

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import os


print("===获取当前文件目录===")
# 当前脚本工作的目录路径
print(os.getcwd())
# os.path.abspath()获得绝对路径
print(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)))

print("=== 获取当前文件上层目录 ===")
print(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))))
print(os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())))
print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "..")))
print(os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()))
# os.path.join()连接目录名与文件或目录


print("==== 设置路径为当前文件上层目录的test_case文件夹====")
path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()), "test_case")
print(path)

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print(os.environ.keys())
print(os.environ['LANG'])
print(os.environ.get('LANG'))

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+ 对它前面的正则式匹配 1 到任意次重复。 ab+ 会匹配 'a' 后面跟随 1 个以上到任意个 'b'，它不会匹配 'a'。
? 对它前面的正则式匹配0到1次重复。 ab? 会匹配 'a' 或者 'ab'。
+? 以 非贪婪 或 最小 风格来执行匹配；
. 任意一个字符除了 \n
[] 匹配[]中列举的字符
\d 匹配数字, 0-9
\s 匹配空白, 即空格, tab

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start_time = request.GET.get('start_time', default='')
end_time = request.GET.get('end_time', default='')

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list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]

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from enum import Enum
class Color(Enum):
    RED = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLUE = 3

# 1
Color.RED.value

# RED
Color(1).name

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string[start:end]：获取从 start 到 end - 1 的所有字符

string[:end]：获取从字符串开头到 end - 1 的所有字符

string[start:]：获取从 start 到字符串末尾的所有字符

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"secret" in title_cased_file_content

# 字符串 大写, upper
stringVar = "welcome to sparkbyexamples"
print(stringVar.upper())

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 str=[]  #有的题目要输出字符串，但是有时候list更好操作，于是可以最后list转string提交
 for i in range(0,a):
     str.append('M')              
 str1=''.join(str) 

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import faulthandler
from core.foo import bar

faulthandler.enable()
if __name__ == '__main__':
    bar()

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python -X faulthandler main.py

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for i in range(1, 10):
    s = "718"
    h = int(hashlib.sha1(s.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16)
    print(h % 10)

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i = 1
while i < 6:
  print(i)
  i += 1

1

int("10")

1

str(10)

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foo_second=10
time.sleep(foo_second)

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import time
obj = time.gmtime(0)
epoch = time.asctime(obj)
print("The epoch is:",epoch)
curr_time = round(time.time()*1000)
print("milliseconds since epoch:",curr_time)

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>>> txt_file = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w')
>>> txt_file.write('Hello, world!')
>>> txt_file.close()

os.remove(path) 

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"llo" in "hello, python"

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# install redis
pip install redis

# 安装指定版本的包
pip install sasl==0.2.1
pip install "setuptools<58.0.0"

# 查看某个包是否已经安装
pip show --files package0
# 查看过期的包
pip list --outdated

# pip 升级某个包
pip install --upgrade package0
# 卸载
pip uninstall package0

# 安装 whl
pip install foo.whl

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curl -O https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
sudo python get-pip.py

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pip freeze > requirements.txt

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# int to string
int("7")

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is_fat = True
state = "fat" if is_fat else "not fat"

#另一个晦涩一点的用法比较少见，它使用了元组, 这之所以能正常工作，是因为在Python中，True 等于1，而 False 等于0，这就相当于在元组中使用0和1来选取数据。
fat = True
fitness = ("skinny", "fat")[fat]
print("Ali is", fitness)

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import time
import datetime

t = time.time()

print (t)                       #原始时间数据
print (int(t))                  #秒级时间戳
print (int(round(t * 1000)))    #毫秒级时间戳

nowTime = lambda:int(round(t * 1000))
print (nowTime());              #毫秒级时间戳，基于lambda

print (datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))   #日期格式化

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n = "123"
s = n.zfill(5)
assert s == "00123"

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str_a = 'python'
print('hello', str_a, '!') 

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str_b = 'It is summer ' 'of 2019!'
print(str_b) 

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>>> def foo(param1, *param2):
print param1
print param2
>>> foo(1,2,3,4,5)
1
(2, 3, 4, 5)
双星号（**）：**kwargs
将参数以字典的形式导入

>>> def bar(param1, **param2):
print param1
print param2
>>> bar(1,a=2,b=3)
1
{'a': 2, 'b': 3}
此外，单星号的另一个用法是解压参数列表：

>>> def foo(bar, lee):
print bar, lee
>>> l = [1, 2]
>>> foo(*l)
1 2
当然这两个用法可以同时出现在一个函数中：例如

>>> def foo(a, b=10, *args, **kwargs):
print a
print b
print args
print kwargs
>>> foo(1, 2, 3, 4, e=5, f=6, g=7)
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2
3 4
{'e': 5, 'g': 7, 'f': 6}

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pip install confluent-kafka

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from confluent_kafka import Consumer

c = Consumer({'bootstrap.servers': 'localhost:9092,localhost:9093,localhost:9094'})
c.subscribe(['mytopic'])

try:
    while True:
        msg = c.poll(timeout=1.0)
        if msg is None:
            continue
        if msg.error():
            print('Error occured: {}'.format(msg.error()))
        print('Message: {}'.format(msg.value().decode('utf-8')))

except KeyboardInterrupt:
    pass

finally:
    c.close()

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import re
str1 = '  rwe fdsa    fasf   '
str1_after = re.sub(' +', '', str1)
print(str1_after)

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# -U Upgrade all specified packages
pip install -U pytest
# 在项目根目录执行
python -m pytest

# 输出 print
python -m pytest -s

# select one or moure function
python -m pytest -s -k 'test_func_0'
python -m pytest -s -k 'test_func_0 or test_func_1'

py.test path/to/test.py

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# python 3.6 虚拟环境
C:\workspace\python-env-36\Scripts\activate.bat
# 安装 pytest
pip install -U pytest
# cd c:\path\to\project\root\dir\
# 配置环境变量
# set foo=bar
python -m pytest -s -k test_

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sudo apt-get install g++
sudo apt-get install libtool
sudo apt-get install flex
sudo apt-get install bison -y
sudo apt-get install byacc -y
# xlocale.h not found
ln -s /usr/include/locale.h /usr/include/xlocale.h
# psycopg2==2.7.3.2
sudo apt-get install libpq-dev

vim ~/.pip/pip.conf
pip install xxx-utils

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import psutil

PROCNAME = "python.exe"

for proc in psutil.process_iter():
    # check whether the process name matches
    if proc.name() == PROCNAME:
        proc.kill()

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command = "echo hello"
shell_script = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True)
return_code = shell_script.wait()
print(f"return code: {return_code}")

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# 创建一个日志器logger并设置其日志级别为DEBUG
logger = logging.getLogger('simple_logger')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# 创建一个流处理器handler并设置其日志级别为DEBUG
handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# 创建一个格式器formatter并将其添加到处理器handler
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
handler.setFormatter(formatter)

# 为日志器logger添加上面创建的处理器handler
logger.addHandler(handler)

# 日志输出
logger.debug('debug message')
logger.info('info message')
logger.warn('warn message')
logger.error('error message')
logger.critical('critical message')

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python -X faulthandler your_script.py

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class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

class B(A):
    def __init__(self):
        super(B, self).__init__()
        self._init_B()
    def _init_B(self):
        self.x += 1

a = A()
b = a
b.__class__ = B
b._init_B()

assert b.x == 2

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import traceback

def do_stuff():
    raise Exception("test exception")

try:
    do_stuff()
except Exception:
    print(traceback.format_exc())

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pip install yappi

# 安装 vmprof 之后 pstat 不能打印函数名了...
pip install vmprof

# /usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lunwind: No such file or directory
sudo apt-get install -y libunwind-dev

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pip install pytest-benchmark

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def something(duration=0.000001):
    """
    Function that needs some serious benchmarking.
    """
    time.sleep(duration)
    # You may return anything you want, like the result of a computation
    return 123

def test_my_stuff(benchmark):
    # benchmark something
    result = benchmark(something)

    # Extra code, to verify that the run completed correctly.
    # Sometimes you may want to check the result, fast functions
    # are no good if they return incorrect results :-)
    assert result == 123

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python -m pytest -s -k "test_my_stuff"

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pip install pytest-profiling
pip install gprof2dot
sudo apt install inkscape

# GNOME image viewer
eog combined.svg

/usr/bin/google-chrome-stable combined.svg
inkscape combined.svg
inkview combined.svg

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# 获取对象的内存地址, 返回对象的唯一标识符，标识符是一个整数。
id()

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apt install python3.10-venv
curl -sSL https://pdm-project.org/install-pdm.py | python3 -
pdm sync
# 加入新的依赖包, pdm会自动维护 pyproject.toml 文件
pdm add redis

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pip install ruff
ruff check